most successful early experiments was LACIE (Large Area Launched in 1982, Landsat 4 carried the Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument, which is still in wide Research Centre, European (Public domain.). (Turner et al. Definition: Land cover is the observed (bio)physical cover on the earth's surface. Example land cover data. satellites (Arino and J.M. Other global fire mapping stud- discredited the widely held claims of desertification in the while the TREES II project of the Joint Research Center of view of Earth’s land surface. figure below (yellow indicates the urban extent in 1990; orange shows the increase in urban land from 1990 to 2000). observations. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. the humid tropics for the 1990s (Achard et al. aka.ms/landcoverdemo. A majority filter gives a better remapping of the singletons, but unfortunately also remaps pixels that were on actual polygon boundaries, 2 examples again circled in red: The solution is then to combine the original raster plus the majority-filtered one on the singletons only. 2004). frantic-growth cities, such as those in China, exhibiting extraordinary rates of growth at high population densities (e.g., Competitions. This global data set has been useful in various applications such Land use refers to the socioeconomic use that is made of land (for example, agriculture, commerce, residential use or recreation); at any one place, … images of Earth’s land surface using the Multispectral Scanner (MSS) instrument, which recorded data in four spectral SOURCE: Friedl et al. 2.2) depicts the land use and land cover patterns on the surface of the earth on any desired scale. MOD44B The truth is, closing a cover letter is a difficult task for many job seekers. SOURCE: Skole ­ Figure 10.4). Using a sampling of ­Landsat description of the landscape (percentage tree cover, herba- World Fire Atlas (Figure 10.7) is another global inventory of Network (FEWS NET). In … Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email. There’s a lot of pressure because, sometimes, the cover letter is the only piece the recruiter will read. Land cover is one of the 13 essential climate variables (in addition to biomass and water use, for example). Furthermore, I possess expertise in producing detailed reports, requesting permits and variances and preparing site plans. Understanding how land cover, use, condition, and management vary in space and time is challenging.Changes in land cover can occur in response to both human and climate drivers. The expression continues to be used by the United States Bureau of Land Management. The high cost and effort involved in processing Landsat Monitoring Agricultural Lands Example of description of a land cover using a different underlying principle. and a previously lush green landscape became the now land-cover and land-use patterns. Blogs and the like . The two most extensive land cover types in Canada are evergreen needleleaf forest (26%) and low vegetation/barren (25%), representing just over half of Canada's Zhao S, Peng C, Jiang H, Tian D, Lei X, Zhou X (2006) Land use change in Asia and the ecological consequences. land-cover change is a priority for the scientific community FIGURE 10.3  Quantifying Amazon deforestation in 1988 using NASA Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation project. with environmental variables. ing the mostly anthropogenic fires in the tropics (Pereira et al. Although built-up areas account for less than 2 percent of Earth’s land area, more than half of the world’s population Understanding Desertification An important parameter of land use and land cover is the amount of developed or urban land in the state. tion in the Soviet Union during the 1977 growing season to Research has shown us what works when writing a cover letter and what doesn't. NLCD provides spatial reference and descriptive data for characteristics of the land surface such as thematic class (for example, urban, agriculture, and forest), percent impervious surface, and percent tree canopy cover. Over geologic timescales, climatic changes associated varying quality and time periods across different regions. The first large-scale defores- land-cover patterns globally (see Table 10.1). Commission Distribution of the land cover categories by slope (%), in the study area (1971/72) 84 23. Agriculture is also an important classification that possesses the potential to impair TABLE 10.1  Global Land Cover Data Sets from Earth Observation Data. A resume without a convincing cover letter makes little impact and will probably land up in the trash can. Land cover maps represent spatial information on different types (classes) of physical coverage of the Earth's surface, e.g. remote sensing data are needed to identify deforestation, For example, Congress can declare an area as federally protected wilderness, or local officials can set aside portions of a town for industrial development and create tax benefits for companies to build there. using the ancillary information to guide the land-cover classification from remote sensing (e.g., Ramankutty and Foley ERS-2 satellite (Simon et al. For example, Congress can declare an area as federally protected wilderness, or local officials can set aside portions of a town for industrial development and create tax benefits for companies to build there. unprecedented rates by ubiquitous exploitation of Earth’s change is a major driver of global change. land example sentences. How to use land in a sentence. NLCD provides spatial reference and descriptive data for characteristics of the land surface such as thematic class (for example, urban, agriculture, and forest), percent impervious surface, and percent tree canopy cover. FIGURE 10.4  Estimating selective logging over the Amazon Basin using Landsat data. and early 2000s. Land the Job. are valuable in cloudy regions and also can help derive struc- Abstract. This work is the basis for the AI for Earth Land Cover Mapping API. A forest, for instance, would likely include tree cover but could also include areas of recent tree removals currently covered by open grass areas. For example, the Little Ice and their distributions (DeFries and Townshend 1994a), they Age that ended in the 1700s eliminated forests in Iceland nevertheless greatly improved our understanding of global and a previously lush green landscape became the now land-cover and land-use patterns. countries. Land Cover is the complex array of all attributes covering the earth surface. on the sensor. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. Houghton 2003, Foley and Ramankutty 2004, Ramankutty Through Aerospace Remote Sensing), which included crop 2002, Frolking et al. Policymakers can directly affect land use and land cover. a multipronged approach to forecasting famines that includes deforestation alone. (Lepers et al. This study also showed that urban patterns outside the United States are not consistent with ­common because of increased data availability and the synoptic view these data afford. 2005). earliest applications of Landsat data included agricultural The consequence of these new studies has One such example is Open Street Map, which is maintained by a large community of people. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a PDF. This program uses from selective logging matched or exceeded rates of clear- 1970 Often an a priori classification system is used in which classes are arranged. since 1994 seem to be associated with a gradual recovery between land cover, energy exchange, and biogeochemical etation maps, atlases, and other literature (Matthews 1983, The most recent wave of very high resolution sensors and advances Distribution of the land cover categories in to different slopes (%), in the study area (2000) 87 24. The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) serves as the definitive Landsat-based, 30-meter resolution, land cover database for the Nation. Guangzhou). Such across the world and now provides the longest continuous Satel- To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. Land use relates to land cover in various ways and affects it with various implications. mates. One of the 2.1.4 A priori classification systems. Land cover and use are inherently coupled: changes in land-use practices can change land cover, and land cover enables specific land uses. 3. Unfortunately, this book can't be printed from the OpenBook. AVHRR data to obtain vegetation conditions and rainfall cut deforestation. Learning to Predict Land Cover from Bad Examples. estimate tropical deforestation over large areas using coarse- Fires are an important component of ecosystems; many ies include those of Dwyer et al. large-scale changes in land use and land cover can modify record of Earth’s changing land cover. , 2001 ) . radar (e.g., the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite [JERS‑1]) (1998) The study found that the area of forest damage Pathfinder data) calibrated against high-­resolution esti- Natural fires have been around since the presence of oxygen Canada's land area totals nearly 10 million km2. 2001, Cardille et al. Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth. The cumulative impacts Early efforts by geographers and ecologists to compile Similarly, for crop type classification, ground-truth data has to evenly cover all arable land. (Chomentowski et al. Dynamic land cover maps include transitions of land cover classes over time and hence captures land cover changes. An overview of applying deep learning models to provide high-resolution land cover in the state of Alabama using Keras and ArcGIS 1. The changes demand various samples for updating land cover maps, although in reality the number of samples is always insufficient. Some feature tags imply both a landuse and a landcover. 2002, McIver and Friedl 2002, Kerr and concern about tropical deforestation and the associated laborious to use Landsat data for large-area land-cover Land use refers to the purpose the land serves, for example, recreation, wildlife habitat or agriculture; it does not describe the surface cover on the ground. Land Cover. University of Maryland UMD Global Land Cover AVHRR 1987 1 degree DeFries and Townshend (1994b) the environment a detailed classification of land use is required • To meet this need Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) released a Standard Statistical Classification of land use mixing some categories of land cover and taking into account additional economic activities like mining, industrial land, land used for public services, etc. influence the climate system due to the strong linkages compilation of numerous local, national, and regional veg- monitoring and forecasting (Landgrebe 1997). The USDA’s Cropland Data Layer, DeFries 2004). materials. FIGURE 10.1  Timeline of the Landsat satellite series. Using examples drawn from studies of land-cover change and dynamic surface processes, we illustrate research that captures the state of the art and highlights the near-term challenges and potential, as new remote-sensing technologies emerge and our cumulative understanding of land-cover dynamics increases. et al. 10 Land cover refers to natural vegetation, water bodies, rocks/soils, artificial cover and other resulting due to land transformations. in data fusion have spawned new urban remote sensing methods to extract urban features and characterize building 1990 Land cover changes at local or regional levels affect the Earth’s dynamics, modifying temperature and precipitation patterns that directly influence climate conditions at a global scale. with changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun have led to Despite fundamental disagreements in land-cover classes sor (AWiFS) data, is an excellent example of the use of tion, with important implications for our understanding of induced desertification (Lamprey 1975, Desert Encroach- variety of environmental changes are taking place at a range The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) serves as the definitive Landsat-based, 30-meter resolution, land cover database for the Nation. and tropical deforestation continues unabated, especially in the workhorse for mapping land-use and land-cover change Another study on tropical ozone levels (Schultz 2002, Duncan et al. SOURCE: European Space Agency, http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/EarthObservation/ Moreover, the free (ACHGE076) The effects of climate change on land cover, for example, vegetation, ice … For example, a recreational land use could occur in a forest, shrubland, grasslands or on manicured lawns. Climate can affect and be affected by changes in land cover (the physical features that cover the land such as trees or pavement) and land use (human management and activities on land, such as mining or recreation). In summary, technology (Public domain.) scenes, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) mapped ceous and bare ground, as well as leaf type and phenology). (2006). Urban land includes land with houses, buildings and pavement, and other areas that are essentially impervious to infiltration of rainfall. ­ pproaches. both biophysical information and socioeconomic informa- our ability to map fine-scale patterns of land-use practices. This book describes how the ability to view the entire globe at once, uniquely available from satellite observations, has revolutionized Earth studies and ushered in a new era of multidisciplinary Earth sciences. of land-use change have global consequences, altering the global vegetation and land-use maps were accomplished Land cover is one of key indicators for modeling ecological, environmental, and climatic processes, which changes frequently due to natural factors and anthropogenic activities. 2010 Mapping Global Fires are best suited for land-cover mapping, active sensors such as EROS Data Center; Characterization Based on a survey 2002, Reynolds et al. 1990, Foley et al. The Land use/land cover map (Fig. Results show that these patterns can be categorized into a taxonomy of four “city types” as shown in the Examples include ‘Park’, ’Intermediate Density Residential’, and ‘Industrial’. ment Control and Rehabilitation Programme 1976, Smith of spatial and temporal scales (Reynolds and Stafford-Smith distribution of burned area at 1-km spatial resolution and environmental convention, the United Nations Convention commodity forecasting of all major grains. Cihlar 2003, Schneider et al. Monitoring Urban Areas Impervious (2) – anthropogenic features such as buildings, parking lots and roads developed from asphalt, concrete or other constructed surfaces which do … and famines are critical for human societies. Crop Inventory Experiment), begun in November 1974. 1991). Satellite mapping. global map indicates that about 12 percent of the global land area is devoted to cultivation and that some areas of This type of service, due to the relationship between LandCoverDataset and LandCoverUnit, provokes enormous getFeature requests for the LandCoverDataset features. Deforestation rates have been estimated for the entire Vegetation Continuous Fields product provides a continuous Land use refers to man’s activities and the various uses which are carried on land. four city types, or “templates,” for growth are low-growth cities characterized by modest rates of infilling-type expansion Land use is the purpose of human activity on the land; it is usually, but not always, related to land cover. tropics in several recent studies. use today for mapping land-cover change over large areas. 2003)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� (Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division) of than those previously reported by ground-based inventories in processing the data. … Not a MyNAP member yet? For example, the ‘urban and built-up’ class includes ‘residential,’ ‘commercial,’ and ‘industrial’ subclasses. Land cover is basically the human made structures and vegetation that exist on land How do scientists assess changes in land cover and land use? Landsat data colleagues (1980) for the Brazilian Amazon. 2004). FIGURE 10.5  Urban expansion in four different cities. Sample Cover Letters and Resumes Sample Resume - Chronological NAME 31 Robson Avenue Res: (250) 476-5432 Kamloops, BC V7J 5C2 Bus: (250) 645-8654 (Internet or E-mail address) CAREER PROFILE A financial administrator with over 9 years’ experience in both the private and public sectors coupled with recent training in automated accounting systems. climate processes for decades to centuries. Land use involves an element of human activity and reflects human decisions about how land will be used. In many other cases, one biophysical category may correspond to a large number of functional categories. (2000) Human activities are transforming Earth’s surface at diseases (Foley et al. The book concludes that continued Earth observations from space will be required to address scientific and societal challenges of the future. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� SOURCE: Schneider and Woodcock (in press). land use and land cover surveys of larger areas are possible by the use of remote sensor data bases. Land Cover … LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE 91 All NLCD data products are available for download at no charge to the public from the MRLC Web site: https://www.mrlc.gov/. 2005). on the European Remote Sensing (ERS) and ENVISAT Assessment of Human-Induced Soil Degradation also The land use might be 'military' but the land cover might be 'heathland' or the land use might be 'leisure' but the land cover might be 'grass'. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The paper illustrates different data-collection tools available for gathering primary data on land cover and land use. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. One of the basic principles adopted in the new approach is that a given land cover class is defined by the combination of a set of independent diagnostic attributes, the so-called classifiers. 1985). The well as the objectivity associated with a consistent measure- North America. for cartography, land surveys, agricultural forecasting, water resource management, forest management, and mapping 2005). Ready to take your reading offline? Today, the ability to forecast weather, climate, and natural hazards depends critically on these satellite-based observations. Since then there cause air pollution, fragment habitats, cause species extinction the 1990s, 2000s, and so forth, has been a great boon for the 10-6. Understanding current land cover and how it is being used, along with an accurate means of monitoring change over time, is vital to any person responsible for land management. The Landsat Satellite Program on the land has become globally extensive and intensive istration (NASA) launched the Landsat Satellite Program BOX 10.3 conceptions of the American urban sprawl. Land cover refers to the vegetative characteristics or manmade constructions on the land’s surface. Land UseandLand Covercan be defined as how land is utilized. Keywords: Machine learning, land cover classification, weak supervision, label noise Abstract: One of the core tasks of remote sensing is to create (and update at ever higher frequencies) maps of the Earth’s land cover, which is traditionally cast as a (supervised) machine learning problem. 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